The Hollywood Walk of Fame is an 18-block series of sidewalks along Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Boulevard is a boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, United States, beginning at Sunset Boulevard in the east and running northwest to Vermont Avenue, where it straightens out and runs due west to Laurel Canyon Boulevard. West of Laurel Canyon it continues as a small residential street in the hills, finally ending at Sunset and Vine Street Vine is a street in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California that runs north-south from Melrose Avenue up past Hollywood Boulevard. The intersection of Hollywood and Vine was once a symbol of Hollywood itself. The famed intersection fell into disrepair during the 1970s but has since begun gentrification and renewal with several high valued projects in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California Hollywood is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California - situated west-northwest of Downtown Los Angeles. Due to its fame and cultural identity as the historical center of movie studios and movie stars, the word "Hollywood" is often used as a metonymy of American cinema, and is often interchangeably used to refer to the greater Los, USA ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language that serves as a permanent public monument to achievement in the entertainment industry. More than 2,400 5-pointed terrazzo and brass stars are embedded at 6-foot intervals over a combined 1.7 miles. The stars bear the names of an eclectic mix of actors, musicians, directors, producers, musical and theatrical groups, fictional characters, and others recognized by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce A chamber of commerce is a form of business network, e.g., a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community. Local businesses are members, and they elect a board of directors or executive council to for their entertainment contributions. The Walk is maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust.

According to a report by the market research firm NPO/Plog Research, the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually - more than Sunset Strip The Sunset Strip is the name given to the mile and a half stretch of Sunset Boulevard that passes through West Hollywood, California. It extends from West Hollywood's eastern border with Hollywood at Crescent Heights Boulevard, to its western border with Beverly Hills at Doheny Drive. The Strip is probably the best known portion of Sunset,, Grauman’s Chinese Theatre, the Queen Mary, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is an art museum in Los Angeles, California. It is located on Wilshire Boulevard along Museum Row in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles, adjacent to the George C. Page Museum and La Brea Tar Pits - and it has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County Los Angeles County is a county in California and is by far the most populous county in the United States. Figures from the U.S. Census Bureau give an estimated 2008 population of 9,862,049 residents, while the California Department of Finance lists a January 1, 2009, estimate of 10,393,185. The county seat is the city of Los Angeles, the largest.^[1]

Description

The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from North Gower Street to North La Brea Avenue, plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that slices diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea; and 0.4 miles (0.7 km) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard Sunset Boulevard is a street in the western part of Los Angeles County, California, that stretches from Figueroa Street in downtown Los Angeles to the Pacific Coast Highway at the Pacific Ocean in the Pacific Palisades. The street is an icon of Hollywood celebrity culture and the phrase "Sunset Boulevard" is an enduring shorthand for the.^[2]

Each monument consists of a coral-pink terrazzo Terrazzo workers create walkways, floors, patios, and panels by exposing marble chips and other fine aggregates on the surface of finished concrete or epoxy-resin. Much of the preliminary work of terrazzo workers is similar to that of cement masons. Marble-chip, cementitious terrazzo requires three layers of materials. First, cement masons or five-point star rimmed with brass Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties. In comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin. Despite this distinction some types of brasses are called bronzes and vice-versa. Brass is a substitutional alloy. It is used for decoration (not bronze, an oft-repeated inaccuracy) inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background. In the upper portion of the pink star field, the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the lower half of the star field, a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree's contributions.

The emblems symbolize five categories within the entertainment industry:

• Classic film camera representing motion pictures
• Television set representing broadcast television
• Phonograph record representing audio recording
• Radio microphone representing broadcast radio
• Comedy/tragedy masks representing theater/live performance (added in 1984)

To date, 47% of the stars have been awarded in the motion pictures category, 24% in television, 17% in audio recording, and 10% in radio. Only 44 stars (less than 2%) have been awarded in the live performance category. (See complete list The following is a list of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, including the category and location of each star. It should be consistent with the list on the Hollywood Walk of Fame website maintained by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce.) Twenty to thirty new stars, on average, are added to the Walk each year.

Nineteen "special category" stars recognize miscellaneous contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. For example, the Los Angeles Police Department The Los Angeles Police Department is the police department of the city of Los Angeles, California. With just over 10,000 officers and more than 3,000 civilian staff, covering an area of 498 square miles (1,290 km2) with a population of more than 3.8 million people, it is the third largest local law enforcement agency in the United States star's emblem is an LAPD badge; former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley | name = Thomas J. Bradley | image = Tom Bradley2.jpg | width = 233px | height = 275px | caption = Tom Bradley speaking at the 1988 Aids Walk Los Angeles | birth_date = December 29, 1917) | birth_place = Calvert, Texas | death_date = September 29, 1998 | death_place = Los Angeles, California | residence = Los Angeles, California | office = 38th's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles;^[3] and stars representing corporations, such as Victoria's Secret Victoria's Secret is an American retailer of women's wear, lingerie and beauty products. It is the largest segment of publicly-traded Limited Brands with sales surpassing $5 billion USD and an operating income of $1 billion in 2006. Victoria's Secret is known for its fashion shows and catalogs, which feature top fashion models and the Los Angeles Dodgers - In 1981, a players' strike in the middle of the season forced the season to be split into two halves. Los Angeles had the best record in the West Division when play was stopped and was declared the first-half division winner. The Dodgers had the second best record in the division when considering the entire season, four games behind Cincinnati, display the honoree's corporate logo.^[4]

There are two exceptions to the trademark "star" shape of the monuments. The Apollo XI mission to the Moon The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite[nb 4] and is the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, a quarter the diameter of Earth and 1/81 its mass, and is the second densest satellite after Io. It is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always is commemorated in four identical, circular "moons",^[5] containing the names of the three astronauts An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists (Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong is an American aviator and a former astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor, and United States Naval Aviator. He was the first person to set foot on the Moon. His first spaceflight was aboard Gemini 8 in 1966, for which he was the command pilot, becoming the first U.S. civilian to fly in space. On this, Michael Collins Michael Collins is a former American astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew in space twice. His first spaceflight was Gemini 10, in which he and command pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and Collins undertook two EVAs. His second spaceflight was as the, and Edwin Aldrin), the date of the first Moon landing A moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. This includes both manned and unmanned missions. The first human-made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 mission on September 13, 1959. The United States's Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon on July 20, 1969 (July 20, 1969), and the words "Apollo XI", set on each of the four corners at the intersection of Hollywood and Vine. The "moons" are silver and dark grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, with the television emblem (dubious rationale discussed below) inlaid at the "twelve o'clock" position on the circles.

The other exceptions are the two "Friends of the Walk of Fame" monuments, which are simple charcoal squares, rimmed by miniature replicas of the pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category symbols, along with the sponsor's corporate logo, with the sponsor's name and sponsorship recognition in the usual inlaid brass block lettering.

Complete list of honorees

History

Origin

The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its president in the early 1950s, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. According to a 1953 Chamber press release, Stuart proposed the Walk as a means to “maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world.”^[6] Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in some independent accounts.^[7] A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals. The exact origin of the "star" concept is not certain, but the historic Hollywood Hotel The Hollywood Hotel was a famous hostelry and landmark located on the north side of Hollywood Boulevard between Highland and Orchid Avenues in Hollywood, California, USA, which stood for over 50 years on Hollywood Blvd. at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex The Hollywood & Highland Center is an entertainment, retail and hotel complex at Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in the Hollywood district in Los Angeles. The 387,000-square-foot center also includes the Grauman's Chinese Theatre and the Kodak Theatre, home to the Academy Awards. The historic site was once the home of the famed and the Kodak Theatre The Kodak Theatre is a live theatre in the Hollywood and Highland retail, dining, and entertainment complex on Hollywood Boulevard and North Highland Avenue in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Since its opening on November 9, 2001, the theatre has been the home of the annual Academy Awards Ceremonies , which were first held there in March 200, painted stars on its dining room ceiling over tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons, and that may have served as an early inspiration.^[8] Another theory involves a popular Hollywood restaurant of the era called The Tropics,^[9] whose menu featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars.^[7]

By 1955, the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council The council is composed of fifteen members elected from single-member districts for four-year terms. The President of the Council and the president pro tempore are chosen by the council at the first regular meeting after June 30 in odd-numbered years. An assistant president pro tempore is appointed by the President. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled that featured a caricature A caricature can refer to a portrait that exaggerates or distorts the essence of a person or thing to create an easily identifiable visual likeness.[citation needed] In literature, a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplification of others of a "sample" honoree (John Wayne Marion Mitchell Morrison , born Marion Robert Morrison and better known by his stage name John Wayne, was an Academy Award-winning American film actor, director and producer. He epitomized rugged masculinity and has become an enduring American icon. He is famous for his distinctive voice, walk and height. He was also known for his conservative, by some accounts^[10]) on a brown star with blue background. However, caricatures proved technically too difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time; and the brown and blue motif, it is said, was nixed by C. E. Toberman, the legendary real estate developer known as "Mr. Hollywood", because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Blvd.^[6][11]

Selection and Construction

By March, 1956 the final design and coral-and-charcoal color scheme had been approved, and between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957, 1,550 honorees were selected by committees representing the four branches of the entertainment industry at that time: motion pictures, television, audio recording, and radio. The committees included some of the most prominent names in entertainment, such as Cecil B. DeMille Cecil Blount DeMille was a legendary American film director and Academy Award-winning film producer in both silent and sound films. He was renowned for the flamboyance and showmanship of his movies. Among his best-known films are The Ten Commandments (1956), Cleopatra (1934), and The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), which won the Academy Award for, Samuel Goldwyn Goldwyn was born Schmuel Gelbfisz in Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire to a Polish Jewish family. At an early age he left Warsaw on foot and penniless. He made his way to Birmingham, England, where he remained with relatives for a few years using the name Samuel Goldfish. In 1898, he emigrated to the United States, but fearing refusal of, Jesse Lasky Jesse Louis Lasky, Sr. was a pioneer Hollywood film producer, a key founder of Paramount Pictures with Adolph Zukor, and father of screenwriter Jesse L. Lasky Jr, Walt Disney Walter Elias "Walt" Disney was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon and philanthropist. Disney is famous for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. As the co-founder (with his brother Roy O. Disney) of Walt Disney Productions,, Hal Roach Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach, Sr. was an American film and television producer and director from the 1910s to the 1990s, Mack Sennett Mack Sennett was a Canadian-born American director and was known as the innovator of slapstick comedy in film. During his lifetime he was known at times as the "King of Comedy". His short "Wrestling Swordfish" was awarded the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1932 and he earned an Academy Honorary Award in 1937 and Walter Lantz Walter Benjamin Lantz was an American cartoonist, animator, film producer, and director, best known for founding Walter Lantz Productions and creating Woody Woodpecker.^[6]

Construction began in 1958, but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners opposed to the USD $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting and trees; the second, by Charles Chaplin, Jr., sought damages for the exclusion of his father, whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters (see below). In October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal and Chaplin's lawsuit was dismissed, paving the way for completion of the project.^[6][12]

The Joanne Woodward Myth

While it has been widely reported that Joanne Woodward Joanne Gignilliat Trimmier Woodward is an Academy Award-winning American actress, television and theatrical producer, and widow of Paul Newman was the first celebrity to receive a star on the Walk of Fame, in fact there was no "first" recipient; all of the original stars were installed simultaneously, with no individual ceremonies. Eight stars, chosen at random from the original 1,550,^[13][14] were built first, as "examples", while litigation was still holding up construction. They were displayed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Avenue in September 1958, to generate publicity and demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look.^[6] After the official groundbreaking, on February 8, 1960,^[8] those eight stars, representing Woodward, Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster Burton Stephen "Burt" Lancaster was an American film actor and star, noted for his athletic physique, distinct smile (which he called "The Grin") and, later, his willingness to play roles that went against his initial "tough guy" image. Initially dismissed as "Mr Muscles and Teeth", in the late 1950s, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence, were installed along with the rest. The first star actually completed in its permanent location was director Stanley Kramer Stanley Earl Kramer was an American film director and producer responsible for some of Hollywood's most famous "message" movies. His notable films include The Defiant Ones (1958), On the Beach (1959), Inherit the Wind (1960), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), Ship of Fools (1965) and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967). His work was's, on March 28, 1960, on the easternmost end of the new Walk, near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower.^[6][15]

The precise origin of the Joanne Woodward legend is not clear; but by at least one account, she was the first celebrity to agree to pose with her star for photographers, and therefore was singled out in popular lore as the first awardee.^[16]

Stagnation

The 1960s and 1970s were a period of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area.^[17] The Walk was originally conceived, in part, to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Blvd., but the area continued its steady decline over the course of the 1960s. While the Walk of Fame Selection Committee continued to exist, eight years passed without the addition of a single new star.^[18]

Revitalization

Radio personality, television producer, and Chamber member Johnny Grant Johnny Grant was an American radio personality and television producer who also served as the honorary mayor of Hollywood, in which capacity he was often present at Hollywood community functions, including the unveiling of new stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. An intersection just north of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue is designated & is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction. In 1968 he initiated a revival of the selection process, then created and continually reinforced public awareness by staging a presentation ceremony to unveil each new star. He further stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally appear at his or her star's public unveiling. (Initially, in the late '60s and early '70s, Grant later said, the neighborhood's reputation had declined so precipitously that persuading celebrities to make that commitment was a significant challenge.^[19])

Grant also instituted a fee of USD $2,500 (which has increased incrementally over time to USD $25,000)^[18], payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient, to fund the Walk of Fame's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden. In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck Born in Los Angeles, California, he is the son of Virginia and Darryl F. Zanuck, the famed head of 20th Century Fox. While studying at Stanford University, Richard began his career in the film industry working for the Twentieth-Century Fox story department. In 1959, Zanuck got his first shot at producing when his father installed him as the was awarded the first new star since 1960 in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas Danny Thomas was an American nightclub comedian and television and film actor, best known for starring in the television sitcom Make Room for Daddy, or The Danny Thomas Show. He is also the founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.^[6] New stars have been added at the rate of twenty to twenty-five per year ever since.

In 1978, the City of Los Angeles Los Angeles is the second largest city in the United States, and with a population of 3.8 million is the largest city in the state of California and the Western United States. Additionally the city spans over 498.3 square miles (1,290.6 km2) in Southern California and is anchored to the world's 13th largest metropolitan area with 17.7 million designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.^[20]

Grant was awarded a star in 1980 for his television work, and in 2002 he received a second star in the "special" category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk. He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood The Mayor of Hollywood is an honorary and ceremonial position in Hollywood, a neighborhood of the City of Los Angeles, California. The office carries responsibilities, such as presiding at Hollywood Walk of Fame ceremonies, but it entails no salary or official power. Mayors are appointed by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. The were previously (a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter Arthur Gordon "Art" Linkletter was a Canadian-born radio and television personality and the host of two long-running United States television shows: House Party, which ran on CBS radio and television for 25 years, and People Are Funny, on NBC radio-TV for 19 years. Linkletter was famous for interviewing children on House Party and Kids, Lawrence Welk Lawrence Welk was an American musician, accordionist, bandleader, and television impresario, hosting The Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 to 1982. His style came to be known to his large number of radio, television, and live-performance fans as "champagne music.", and others). He remained in both offices and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies from 1980 until his death in 2008. His unique, special-category star, with its emblem depicting a stylized "Great Seal of Hollywood"^[21] is located at the entrance to the Kodak Theater The Kodak Theatre is a live theatre in the Hollywood and Highland retail, dining, and entertainment complex on Hollywood Boulevard and North Highland Avenue in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Since its opening on November 9, 2001, the theatre has been the home of the annual Academy Awards Ceremonies , which were first held there in March 200, adjacent to Johnny Grant Way.^[22]

Expansion

In 1984, a fifth category, “Live Theatre” was added to permit acknowledgement of contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry, and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars.

In 1994 the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Blvd., from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue (plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea), where it now ends at the silver "Four Ladies of Hollywood" gazebo (see below) and the special "Walk of Fame" star.^[23] At the same time, Sophia Loren In 1962, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Two Women, becoming the first actress to win an Academy Award for a non-English-speaking performance. Loren has won 50 international awards, including two Oscars, five Golden Globe Awards, a Grammy Award and a BAFTA Award. Her other films include The Pride and the Passion , was honored with the 2,000th star on the Walk.^[6]

Restoration

In 2008, a USD $4.2-million restoration of the Walk was initiated.^[24] At least 778 stars will eventually be repaired or replaced during the ongoing project because of wear and tear suffered over the years, from minor cosmetic flaws to damage severe enough to constitute a walking hazard. Simultaneously, the "Friends of Walk of Fame" program was inaugurated, whereby commercial interests may contribute funds toward the restoration effort. Absolut Vodka Absolut Vodka is a brand of vodka, produced near Åhus, Scania, in southern Sweden. Since March 2008, the company has been owned by the French firm Pernod Ricard, having been sold as a part of the V&S Group, which was owned by the Swedish government became the first "Friend" with a donation of USD $1 million, followed by L'Oreal with an undisclosed contribution. "Friends" are recognized with honorary stars in front of the Kodak Theatre, which ironically is among the most heavily damaged stretches of the walkway.^[24]

The project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time, each receiving a letter grade of A, B, C, D, or F. Honorees whose stars received "F" grades, indicating the most severe damage, were Joan Collins Joan Henrietta Collins, OBE is an English actress, author, and columnist, Peter Frampton, Dick Van Patten, Willard Waterman, Richard Boleslawski, Ellen Drew, Paul Douglas, Andrew L. Stone, Frank Crumit and Bobby Sherwood. 50 celebrities' stars received "D" grades.^[24]

The ongoing restoration project is a collaboration between the Hollywood Chamber and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices, along with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which operates the Metro Red Line that runs beneath the Walk, since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage.^[25]

The Walk Today

Multiple stars

The original selection committees chose to recognize some entertainers' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars. Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories.^[26] Bob Hope, Mickey Rooney, Roy Rogers, and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories. (Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his wife, Jan; Rogers also has three of his own, and a fourth with his band, the Sons of the Pioneers.) Thirty people, including Frank Sinatra, Danny Kaye, George Burns, Ed Wynn, and Jack Benny, have stars in three categories; only five of them are women: Dinah Shore, Gale Storm, Jane Froman, Marie Wilson, and Jo Stafford.^[27]

George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement. His original star (for the invention of roll film) is on Vine Street; when the Kodak Theatre was built in 2002, a second, identical star was installed at its entrance at Hollywood and Highland.

Six recording artists have two stars in the same category for distinct achievements: Michael Jackson, as a soloist and as a member of The Jackson Five; Diana Ross, as a member of The Supremes and for solo work; Smokey Robinson, first as a solo artist and later as a member of The Miracles; and John Lennon, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison, as individuals and as members of The Beatles. Paul McCartney's nomination for an individual star, in 1993, lapsed because a personal appearance was never scheduled.^[16] He has since been renominated, and will receive his second star "when a date can be arranged for him to unveil it." ^[28] Cher also forfeited her opportunity to join this exclusive club by declining to schedule the required personal appearance when she was selected in 1983.^[13] She did, however, attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998, as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband, Sonny Bono.^[29]

Controversy

Charlie Chaplin is the only celebrity to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk. He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956, but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him, ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals (he had been charged with violating the Mann Act - and exonerated - during the "White Slavery" hysteria of the 1940s) but more likely due to his left-leaning political views.^[30] The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son, Charles Chaplin, Jr. His star was finally added to the Walk in 1972, the same year he received his Academy Award;^[31] but even then, 16 years later, the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him.^[32]

In 1978 the committee, perhaps recalling its Chaplin difficulties, voted against awarding a star to the brilliant but controversial opera singer, actor, athlete, writer, lawyer, and social activist Paul Robeson. The outcry from the entertainment industry, civic circles, local and national politicians, and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was almost immediately reversed.^[33][34][35] His star is on the 6600 block of Hollywood Blvd.

Entertainers in politics

Ronald Reagan is the only President of the United States to have a star, and one of two Governors of California. (The other is Arnold Schwarzenegger.)

George Murphy is the only United States Senator (R-California) with a star, in recognition of his prior acting and dancing career.

Two Members of the U.S. House of Representatives have received stars: Helen Gahagan (D-California), and Sonny Bono (R-California).

Ignacy Paderewski is the only European head of government with a star. (He served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars.)

Names in common

There are two pairs of stars bearing identical names but representing different people. Two Harrison Ford stars honor the silent film actor (at 6665 Hollywood Blvd), and the present-day actor (in front of the Kodak Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Blvd). There are also two Michael Jackson stars: one for the legendary singer/dancer/songwriter (at 6811 Hollywood Blvd), and the other for the radio personality (at 1597 Vine Street). When the singer/songwriter Jackson died, in 2009, fans mistakenly began leaving flowers, candles, and other tributes at the Vine Street star. Upon learning of this, the radio host Jackson wrote on his web site, "I am willingly loan[ing] it to him and, if it would bring him back, he can have it."^[36]

One might expect a common surname on the Walk to be Jones, and indeed, 12 Joneses have stars: Allan Jones, Buck Jones, Chuck Jones, Dick Jones, Gordon Jones, Jack Jones, Jennifer Jones, Quincy Jones, Shirley Jones, Spike Jones, Tom Jones, and Tommy Lee Jones. Interestingly, there are only seven Smiths: Aubrey, Carl, Smilin' Jack, Jaclyn, Kate, Keely, and Pete. The most common surname, however, with 14, is Moore: Clayton Moore, Colleen Moore, Constance Moore, Del Moore, Dudley Moore, Garry Moore, Grace Moore, Mary Tyler Moore, Matt Moore, Owen Moore, Roger Moore, Terry Moore, Tom Moore, and Victor Moore.

The largest collection of stars honoring one group of blood relatives is the widely-scattered set of seven representing the Barrymore family: John Barrymore, his brother Lionel (who has two), and sister Ethel, their uncle Sidney Drew, John's son John Drew Barrymore, and John Drew's daughter Drew Barrymore.

Bending the rules

Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the five major entertainment categories, but the Selection Committee has been known to conjure some interesting rule interpretations to justify a selection. The Walk's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine, for example, officially recognize the Apollo XI astronauts for "contributions to the television industry." Johnny Grant acknowledged, in 2005, that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was "a bit of a stretch."^[16] The committee stretched even further for Magic Johnson, whose considerable basketball talents had no plausible connection to movies, music, TV, radio, or theater. They finally squeezed him into the motion picture category, based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain, citing as precedent Sid Grauman, builder of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.^[16] "[Now] people want Orville Redenbacher," Grant quipped in the 2005 interview, "because his popcorn is in all the theaters."^[16]

Muhammad Ali's star is another example of rule bending; the Selection Committee decided boxing (unlike basketball, apparently) could be considered a form of "live performance." His star is the first (and so far only) one to be installed on a vertical surface. It is displayed on a wall of the Kodak Theatre, acceding to Ali's request that his name not be walked upon.^[37]

Since 1968, all living honorees have been required to be present for their star's unveiling, and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition.^[16] The only recipient to date who has failed to appear after having agreed to do so was Barbra Streisand, in 1976. Her star was unveiled anyway, near the intersection of Hollywood and North Highland.^[38] Streisand did attend, however, when her husband, James Brolin, unveiled his star in 1998, two blocks to the east.^[39]

Unique & Unusual

Seven stars are identified with only a one-word "stage" name. The most interesting of these is probably Parkyakarkus, the principal stage name of Harry Einstein, the comedian and radio personality (and father of Albert Brooks and Bob Einstein). The other six are Liberace, Cantinflas, Meiklejohn, Paderewski, Mako, and Sabu.

The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children^[40] collectively known as the Munchkins, from the landmark 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz.

Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character, even though he played other roles during his career, that he is one of only two actors to have his character's name alongside his own on his star. The other is Tommy Riggs, whose star reads, "Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou."^[41]

For more than 40 years, singer Jimmy Boyd was the youngest star recipient at age 20, but he lost that distinction in 2004 to 18-year-old twins Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. Their joint star (the only one shared by twins) is outside the Kodak Theatre, near the Hollywood and Highland Center.

The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make-up. Other make-up artists on the walk are Max Factor and John Chambers.

Three stars recognize experts in special effects: Ray Harryhausen, Dennis Muren, and Stan Winston.

Only one costume designer has received a star, eight-time Academy Award winner Edith Head.

Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star, which he earned for writing screenplays like The Bachelor and The Bobby-Soxer before turning to novels.^[42] The other is Ray Bradbury, whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60-year period.^[43]

Nine inventors have stars on the Walk: George Eastman (as mentioned); Thomas Edison, inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion-picture technology; Lee DeForest, inventor of the vacuum tube, which made radio and TV possible, and Phonofilm, which made sound movies possible; Merian C. Cooper, co-inventor of the Cinerama process; Herbert Kalmus, inventor of Technicolor; Auguste and Louis Lumière, inventors of important components of the motion picture camera; Mark Serrurier, inventor of the technology used for film editing; and Hedy Lamarr, co-inventor of a "frequency-hopping" radio guidance system used in Wi-Fi networks and cellular telephone systems.^[44]

Fictional characters (and those who create them)

In 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star. Other animated recipients are Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Woody Woodpecker, Snow White, Winnie-the-Pooh, Shrek, Rugrats, and the Simpsons. The star inscribed Charlie Tuna honors not the animated advertising mascot, but the long-time radio personality (real name: Art Ferguson). Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins (as mentioned), two puppets (Kermit the Frog and Big Bird), one monster (Godzilla), and three non-animated canine characters (Strongheart, Lassie, and Rin Tin Tin). The Muppets will receive a star in 2011, making Kermit and Big Bird the only fictional characters with two stars.

Five stars recognize cartoonists and animators: Friz Freleng, Chuck Jones, Walter Lantz, Charles Schultz, and Jay Ward; while three puppeteers have stars: Fran Allison, Jim Henson, and Shari Lewis.

On the outside looking in

The most common question received by Chamber personnel is, "Why doesn't ________ have a star?"^[14] Numerous major entertainment figures and legendary show business acts are not included on the Walk of Fame, for a variety of reasons. Some, such as Julia Roberts^[16] and Clint Eastwood,^[14] have "declined to participate." (Nominations cannot proceed without the nominee's consent.) Others have simply never been nominated, or have less than the required five years' minimum involvement in their designated field. Others, such as George Clooney^[45] and John Denver,^[13] were nominated but would not agree to the mandatory personal appearance at the unveiling ceremony. A sampling (by no means complete) of other well-known individuals and acts who have not (thus far) received stars includes Woody Allen, Warren Beatty, Candice Bergen, Bon Jovi, Ellen Burstyn, Michael Caine, Jackie Collins, Sean Connery, Francis Ford Coppola, Cream, Judi Dench, Robert DeNiro, Leonardo DiCaprio, Michael Douglas, Sally Field, Jane Fonda, Jodie Foster, Richard Gere, Mel Gibson, Jeff Goldblum, Lee Grant, Dustin Hoffman, Whitney Houston, Kate Jackson, Angelina Jolie, Diane Keaton, Jennifer Lopez, George Lucas, Madonna, Al Pacino, Sarah Jessica Parker, Estelle Parsons, Sean Penn, Brad Pitt, Robert Redford, Vanessa Redgrave, The Rolling Stones, Meg Ryan, Jerry Seinfeld, Jon Voight, Denzel Washington, The Who, Kate Winslet and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Notable deceased individuals without stars include Beatrice Arthur, Sally Blane, Patricia Collinge, Gladys Cooper, Hume Cronyn, Florence Eldridge, Lynn Fontanne, John Gielgud, Sydney Greenstreet, Elsa Lanchester, Charles Lane, The Lane Sisters, Gertrude Lawrence, David Lean, Alfred Lunt, Marjorie Main, Rue McClanahan, John Mills, Mildred Natwick, Lynn Redgrave, Alexis Smith, Mary Wickes, and Estelle Winwood.

Location Criteria

Locations of individual stars are not necessarily random or arbitrary. Stars of legendary and world-famous celebrities, the so-called "show business royalty", are mostly found in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre. Oscar winners' stars are usually placed near the Kodak Theatre, site of the annual Academy Awards presentations. Decisions are occasionally made with a dollop of whimsy: Mike Myers's star, for example, lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique, an association with his Austin Powers roles; Roger Moore's star is located at 7007 Hollywood Blvd. in recognition of his seven James Bond films; and the last star, at the very end of the westernmost portion of the Walk, belongs to The Dead End Kids. Honorees are typically given input into choice of location, although final decisions remain with the Chamber.^[16]

In her 1986 memoir, actor/comedienne Carol Burnett explained her very specific location choice: While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre (now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock's film Strangers on a Train, she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing, to avoid seeing (and spoiling) the ending. The theatre manager fired her on the spot for "insubordination" and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theatre lobby. In 1977 when she was awarded a star, the Chamber asked if she had a preference for its placement. "Right in front of where the old Warner Brothers Theatre was," she replied, "at Hollywood and Wilcox." And that, she added, is exactly where you will find it.^[46]

The Women of Steel

The "Four Ladies of Hollywood" gazebo (official name: Hollywood La Brea Gateway) stands upon a small triangular "island" formed by the confluence of Hollywood Blvd., Marshfield Way, and North La Brea Avenue, and marks the westernmost extension of the Walk of Fame. It was commissioned in 1993 by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency, and created by the architect, production designer, and film director Catherine Hardwicke as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of Hollywood.^[47] The gazebo is a stainless steel stylized Art Deco lattice structure. The roof is an arched square supporting a circular dome; the word "HOLLYWOOD", decorated with small motion picture camera emblems, appears within each of the four archways. The dome is topped by a central obelisk, with neon block letters spelling "HOLLYWOOD" descending vertically on each of its four sides. Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weathervane-style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic "billowing skirt" pose from The Seven Year Itch.^[48] The domed structure is held aloft by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West^[47] to represent the African-American actress Dorothy Dandridge, Asian-American actress Anna May Wong, Mexican actress Dolores Del Rio, and the multi-ethnic, Brooklyn-born actress Mae West.^[49]

The work was dedicated February 1, 1994, to a mixed reception. Christopher Knight, the Los Angeles Times art critic, called it "...the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years," representing the opposite of Hardwicke's intended "tribute" to women. "Sex, as a woman's historic gateway to Hollywood," he wrote, "couldn't be more explicitly described."^[50] Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice, however, called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering, courageous women who "...carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders," as depicted quite literally in Hardwicke's gazebo. "Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion."^[51] Hardwicke herself contended that critics had missed the "humor and symbolism" of the structure, which "embraces and pokes fun at the glamour, the polished metallic male form of the Oscar, and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown."^[52]

Theft and Vandalism

Four of the stars, which weigh about 300 pounds (136 kg) each, have been stolen from the Walk of Fame. In 2000, James Stewart's and Kirk Douglas's stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine, where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project. Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house. The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project. The stars had been badly damaged, and had to be remade. One of Gene Autry's five stars (it is not clear which one) was also stolen from a construction area. Johnny Grant later received an anonymous phone tip that the missing star was in Iowa, but it was never found. "Someday, it will end up on eBay," Grant once joked. The most brazen and ambitious theft occurred in 2005, when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck's star from its Hollywood Blvd. site at the intersection of North El Centro Ave, near North Gower. The star was replaced almost immediately, but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught.^[53]

In late 2009, rumors circulated widely on media outlets and the Internet that John Lennon's star had been stolen, but it was merely being relocated further south on Vine Street to an area near the circular Capitol Records Building, adjacent to the stars of bandmates George Harrison and Ringo Starr.^[54]

Random acts of vandalism occur on the Walk on a regular basis, ranging from profanity and political statements written on stars with felt-tip markers to attempted removal of brass emblems with chisels.^[55] Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Blvd. between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities.^[56]

Errors

In 2010, Julia Louis-Dreyfus's star was constructed with the name "Julia Luis Dreyfus."^[57] The actress was reportedly amused, and the star was quickly corrected.^[58] A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke's star in 1992 ("Vandyke"), and similarly rectified.^[59]

Film actor Don Haggerty's star originally displayed the first name "Dan." The mistake was fixed, but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty (of Grizzly Adams fame, no relation to Don) also received a star. The confusion eventually sprouted a mini-legend that Dan Haggerty was the only celebrity to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame.^[60][61]

For 28 years, the star of Mauritz Stiller, the Helsinki-born Swedish actor, screenwriter and silent film director who brought Greta Garbo to America, read "Maurice Diller", probably due to faulty transcription from verbal dictation. The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988.^[8][62]

The names on two stars remain misspelled to this day: Opera diva Lotte Lehmann's first name is spelled "Lottie";^[63] while Cinerama co-inventor and King Kong creator, director and producer Merian C. Cooper's first name is listed as "Meriam."^[64][65]

Monty Woolley, the bearded Broadway, film, and radio actor who coined the still-popular cliché, "Time flies when you're having fun" in the 1941 film The Man Who Came to Dinner, inexplicably received a star in the television category, although his career largely predated television, and his TV appearances were confined to a few bit roles.^[66][67]

Nomination process

Each year, an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame Selection Committee. Anyone, including fans, can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment, as long as the nominee or his or her management is in agreement with the nomination. (A letter of agreement from the nominated celebrity or representative must accompany the application.) Nominees must have a minimum of 5 years' experience in the category for which they are nominated. Posthumous nominees must be deceased at least 5 years. At a meeting each June, the committee selects approximately 20 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame during the following year. One posthumous award is given each year as well. The nominations of those not selected are "rolled over" to the following year for reconsideration; those not selected two years in a row are dropped, and must be renominated to receive further consideration. Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within five years of selection. A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations. Presentation ceremonies are open to the public.^[68]

A fee (currently USD $25,000), payable at time of selection, is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star, as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame. The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization, which may be a fan club, or a film studio, record company, broadcaster, or other sponsor involved with the honoree's current or ongoing project.^[18][69] The Starz cable network, for example, paid for Dennis Hopper's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash. It was unveiled in March 2010, shortly before Hopper's death.^[18][70]

Traditionally, the identities of selection committee members (other than its chairman) have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest, and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives (a significant problem during selection of the original 1,550 recipients in the late 1950s). However, in 1999, in response to intensifying charges of "back room politics" in the selection process, the Chamber disclosed the members' names: They were, at the time, Johnny Grant, the chairman, who represented the television category; Earl Lestz, president of Paramount Studio Group (motion pictures); Stan Spero, retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC (radio); Kate Nelson, owner of the Palace Theatre (live performance); and Mary Lou Dudas, vice president of A&M Records (recording industry).^[71]

After that disclosure, however, the veil of secrecy was restored; subsequently, the Chamber would say only that Lestz (who received his own star in 2004) became chairman after Grant died in 2008, and that "each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field."^[14][68]

As of June 2010, Lestz had apparently been replaced as chairman by John Pavlik, former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.^[72] While no public announcement was made to that effect, he was identified as chairman in the Chamber's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients.^[73]

Gallery

The Five Categories

The stars of deceased celebrities often serve as repositories for expressions of respect.

See also

• Bruce Torrence Hollywood Historical Collection of Photographs
• Hollywood and Vine
• Grauman's Chinese Theater
• Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong
• Avenue of Stars, London
• Canada's Walk of Fame
• St. Louis Walk of Fame
• Birmingham Walk of Stars
• Hollywood's Rockwalk
• Paseo de las Luminarias, Mexico City

References

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External links

• Hollywood Walk of Fame official website
• Hollywood Walk of Fame interactive tour guide for mobile phones - hwof.mobi
• Hollywood Walk of Fame interactive tour guide for PC - hwof.com
• Hollywood Walk of Fame at Seeing-Stars.com

Categories: Walks of fame | Hollywood history and culture | Landmarks in Los Angeles, California | Halls of fame in California

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